In Russian And French Prisons

e community to avenge itself on the criminal?is no longer admissible. We have come to an understanding that society at large is responsible for the vices that grow in it, as well as it has its share in the glory of its heroes; and we generally admit, at least in theory, that when we deprive a criminal of his liberty, it is to purify and improve him. But we know how hideously at variance with the ideal the reality is. The murderer is simply handed over to the hangman; and the man who is shut up in a prison is so far from being bettered by the change, that he comes out moreresolutely the foe of society than he was when he went in. Subjection, on disgraceful termy, to humiliating work gives him an antipathy to all kinds of labour. After suffering every sort of humiliation at the instance of those whose lives are lived in immunity from the peculiar conditions which bring man to crime?or to such sorts of it as are punishable by the operations of the law?he learns to hate the section of society to which his humiliation belongs, and proves his hatred by new offences against it. If the penal institutions of Western Europe have failed thus completely to realize the ambitious aim on which they justify their existence, what shall we say of the penal institutions of Russia ? The incredible duration of preliminary detention ; the disgusting circumstances of prison life; the congregation of hundreds of prisoners into small and dirty chambers; the flagrant immorality of a cor... --This text refers to an alternate Paperback edition.